The range of nootropics is vast. Not only are there the drugs mentioned here, but also supplements, OTC meds, and even foods. Caffeine, when combined with L-thiamine, such as in green tea, has a similar, but less potent, effect as the drugs mentioned. Could it be considered cheating then to drink a cup of tea before a big test or presentation? I sure hope not.

The article's focus on just modafinil is understandable, but it also serves to limit discussion to these 'wonder-drug' type meds that work instantly. Many, if not most, nootropics are supplements; when taken over time, they help improve certain cognitive functions.

As far as a 'productivity arms race,' I doubt those are our only two options. There is a course to the future that leaves room for both a healthy view of competition and human supplementation. Honestly, I don't see how an arms race could develop here, medical research is already rather globalised, and more so every day. The article doesn't cover the extent of the effects of these drugs. They are small. These aren't a drug you give your employee today and suddenly they are better than any of their competitors. It is measurable, but these aren't miracles.