The People's Republic of California seems not to have noticed that there are sectors with sex imbalance far more pronounced than the boardroom. The nation's electrical power-line installers and repairers, roofers, brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons are more than 99% male. Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey Perhaps the good ol' boys club has practiced discrimination and kept willing and capable women out of these positions. Or perhaps many women recognize that these jobs entail long hours, time away from home, and stress, and they prefer jobs with more predictable schedules, less physical danger, and more human interaction. We might want to find out if the imbalance is due to bias or preference before we intervene and force people into different jobs. Ask a friendly CEO (once he touches down from his latest flight) if life in the executive C-Suite is for everyone. Of course, there are compensations for the hardships, and executive salaries tend to be high. Is there a pattern in the most sex-imbalanced jobs showing that women are relegated to lower-paying careers? The BLS measures male/female job ratio, and median salaries for those job descriptions appear in May 2017 Occupation Profiles. Here are the salaries for the most imbalanced job descriptions (top ten with 2% or fewer female, or 92% or more female): $42,780 Roofers $53,390 Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons $45,490 Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers $45,630 Automotive body and related repairers $55,040 Mining machine operators $51,890 Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators $48,000 Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists $39,160 Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers $49,530 Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers $107,480 Nurse practitioners $30,490 Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists $23,760 Childcare workers $60,150 Dietitians and nutritionists $74,680 Dental hygienists $41,062 Secretaries and administrative assistants $38,690 Dental assistants $39,601 Preschool and kindergarten teachers $79,770 Speech-language pathologists (Where the job description is a category, I have calculated a weighted average of the subcategory salaries. For example, non-special-ed kindergarten teachers earn $57,110, but three times as many preschool teachers earn $33,590, so the weighted average is $39,601.) $68,710 Electrical power-line installers and repairers $49,962 AVERAGE $42,820 Medical records and health information technicians $53,850 AVERAGE
I decided to take a few days to get together my response for this because in my opinion, well, you're all wrong or looking at this from the wrong angle. The reason they do this isn't to get more women on boards now for any immediate reason even if that's how they sell it to you. The reason they do this is to start shifting societal norms. Corporations do this. I'm on a committee at work and they asked us about changing a bonus system, some people disagreed since it wouldn't benefit them while some people agreed since it would benefit them. I found out just how much of a natural born corporate shill I am that day by chiming in that it didn't matter what anybody thought, it mattered that in a year or two when all the staff were different anyways this would be the new normal and how would it benefit us then ? What kind of staff would we be attracting and would this effect our ability to retain the best staff in the long term ? So, current opinions aside, what does this do in a year or in five years ? When everybody's moved on to talking about something else ? Keep in mind that Trudeau's gender neutral cabinet is old news, I actually straight up forgot about it. What did it do though ? It changed who we saw in power and that's important because it gets us more comfortable with the idea. Let's look at nurses, generally elderly patient don't like male nurses because it's weird for them. They aren't used to it. So we provide incentive to going into the profession or hiring male staff. It achieves basically nothing in the short term beyond some numbers. In the long term though people growing up now see male nurses more commonly and aren't as weird about it. We now have a larger pool of people who are likely to pick the profession and considering our aging population and nursing shortage that's not such a bad thing. Representation is generally what people are trying to change with these things, encouraging a wider variety of people to aim high has benefits across the country. You want to lower teen pregnancy and thereby the number of people relying on the welfare system ? Want to lower the number of people who fall through the cracks ? You've got to give them something to aim for. They don't even have to become a CEO, all they have to do is not get knocked up or get hooked on drugs before they're able to take care of themselves. In this case representation matters. I strongly recommend any book by Bruce Hood, one of my favourites is called The Self Illusion which argues the self as we know it is likely entirely built of our experiences in the world. One study cited looked at how gender plays a part in how we interact with babies. The same baby was dressed in either blue or pink and introduced as either Nathan or Sarah. When introduced to the same baby as a girl the adults talked about how beautiful she was and when introduced to the baby as a boy they commented on what career they might have. This study was done in 1986, the women who young girls now look up to were raised in this type of environment. So the question isn't do women simply prefer different professions, it's not even have we socially influenced women to prefer different professions ( we know we have ), it is can we use this to our benefit. Corporations don't care about you, and neither does the government. Corporations care about the health of said corporation and the government cares about the health of the place they are governing. Some succeed and some fail, this is how one is attempting to succeed in the long run.
Thank you for sharing your thoughtful comments. I have also taken some time to reflect on my position. I don't see a significant moral difference between reducing gender-based disparity of participation on boards today and supporting the idea of gender-balanced boards as a social norm in years to come. If one is good, so is the other. You didn't specify the reason, but if your workplace is adjusting the bonus system to attract more female employees and promote a gender-balanced workforce, I would say that's great, and I hope the initiative is successful. If any employee felt resentment at being rewarded for her secondary sexual characteristics rather than her skills and performance, she would be free to seek employment elsewhere. She might even find work at a company with a reputation for discriminating against women; that would be clear evidence of her value as a worker. This proposal is different. There is an inequality of power which allows the California legislature to force businesses to take gender into account when hiring, enforced by fines starting at $100,000, even if they prefer to hire based on merit only. Is this cultural progress? I find it creepy and nosy when paperwork asks me whether I am "black" or "white" and am glad these questions are optional (outside the doctor's office). Do we want job applicants to face mandatory Female and Male checkboxes, knowing that their answer will have a bearing on the hiring decision? In Zzyym v. Pompeo a judge found that the State Department was out of line in requiring a gender designation before providing a passport. Rules around marriage have also moved away from the state prying into peoples' underwear. The justification to intervene with force, I believe, is that stereotypes, tradition, and misogyny have kept qualified women out of positions they sought. No doubt that is true. My argument about roofers and masons is simply that there are factors besides bias to consider, and it is impossible for us to recognize and measure them all. I think it's plausible that, on average and with many exceptions, women and men have different preferences regarding, for example, risk tolerance, and this is one ingredient in the complex mix of preferences and incentives that results in electrical power lines being mostly installed by men. It is also clear that there are employers in California, like Google, that actively seek and prefer female employees. Good for them! I work in IT and value associating with a diverse workforce. Does the Google preference exactly balance the misogyny? Who knows? It's very hard to measure these things. It seems strange to me to conclude that if the gender ratio is far from 50/50, there must be a problem, but if the workplace population is proportional to the general population it's okay. "In 1970, 7% of gynecologists were women. Now 59% are." Should someone have hit the brakes at 50%? The shift is continuing: women made up about 85% of the obstetrics/gynecology graduate medical education class of 2013-2014, with a 75% female majority in pediatrics. It's easy to imagine why patients might prefer a female OB-GYN. Having a man poke around down there might be "weird for them," as you put it. If we value customer preference, provider preference, merit-based hiring, and also the freedom of people to make their own choices, how can we assume that getting all these right will result in a 50/50 gender balance? Agreed. The government of California cares about corporations, however, judging from the language in the bill. It claims that "Numerous independent studies have concluded that publicly held companies perform better when women serve on their boards of directors," which one could argue is a reason to let misogynistic companies pay the penalty for their own bias, so companies with a more open-minded culture will prosper and out-compete them. The bill cites a Credit Suisse study, with the characteristic advocacy pattern in which a causative link is implied that the authors of the study do not describe: "women on boards improve business performance for key metrics, including stock performance." It's a subtle difference: "publicly held companies perform better when women serve on their boards" is a correlation that can be measured in the data, but "women on boards improve business performance" suggests a cause/effect relationship that the study does not support. In the section "Rationalizing the link between performance and gender diversity," the study recognizes that The most obvious hypothetical explanation for the correlation in performance and gender diversity is that larger companies are more likely to have female board members, just as they are more likely to have left-handed board members, and larger companies also have better performance. The study makes some effort to control for this by considering companies with market capitalization over and under US$10B separately, though there appear to be very few large-cap (>10B) companies with no female board members. The average market cap for companies with all-male boards is given as $8100M. Only one such large-cap appears among the Fortune 500. The study also notes that companies in "Sectors that are closer to final consumer demand have a higher proportion of women on the board" and "Certain regions (e.g. Europe) and countries (e.g. Norway) tend to have relatively high ratios of women on the board, for others the numbers are extremely low (e.g. Korea)." (Though Figure 2 shows North America has the lowest percentage of companies with no women on the board, at 15.8%, compared to 16.3% in Europe, 60.8% in Latin America, and around 70% in Asia.) With so many variables in play, a clear link between gender diversity and performance is hard to find. In the positive camp are the likes of McKinsey and Catalyst. Catalyst has shown that Fortune 500 companies with more women on their boards tend to be more profitable. McKinsey showed that companies with a higher proportion of women at board level typically exhibited a higher degree of organization, above-average operating margins and higher valuations. Other studies, such as those conducted by Adams and Ferreira or Farrell and Hersch, have shown that there is no causation between greater gender diversity and improved profitability and stock price performance. Instead, the appointment of more women to the board may be a signal that the company is already doing well, rather than being a sign of better things to come. The improved performance in companies with more female board members was not apparent before the financial crisis, but observed after, leading to two conclusions: 2. That the outperformance of stocks with women on the board may not continue if the world shifts back towards a more stable macro environment in which companies are rewarded for adopting more aggressive growth strategies. Thus, the "Rationalizing" section mentions risk aversion, citing research showing that "women tended to be much more risk-averse investors than men" and "companies with women at board level are more likely to have lower levels of gearing" which was advantageous in recent years: A section on "Barriers to change" describes some obstacles. Apparently it's a problem if some people, like me, prefer to nurture and spend time with family rather than struggle for more money and power in boardrooms and business class. Most highly-qualified men do not "aspire to positions of power," only 27% do, compared to 15% of highly-qualified women. What can be done? Sorry for the lengthy and rambling comment! It's a complex issue with a broad diversity of perspectives.Corporations don't care about you, and neither does the government.
There is a significant body of research that supports the idea that there is no causation between greater gender diversity and improved profitability and stock price performance.
There is a significant body of literature on this issue; articles on the subject span several decades. Some suggest corporate performance benefits from greater gender diversity at board level, while others suggest not.
1. That stocks with a greater degree of gender diversification appear to be relatively defensive in nature; and
lower gearing has delivered average outperformance of 2.5% per annum over the last 20 years and 6.5% per annum over the last four years (within European listed equities). It is far from a consistent determinant of performance: in periods of rapid economic expansion and equity bull markets, low gearing is often an underperforming style.
But it is not just the perception of female employees that is the potential barrier to promotion; more women than men choose to opt out of a professional career to have, or look after, a family. This automatically reduces the talent pool that managers can choose from and limits the number of women available for board positions.
A full range of solutions has been trialed across different markets. Norway has taken coercive action, the USA and Canada have encouraged voluntary commitments, the UK has adopted a collaborative approach. Progress has been similarly varied. The Scandinavian markets have delivered significantly higher female board representation but other research suggests that forcing the issue via quotas has been to the detriment of morale, the working environment and potentially profitability.
Eighteen of your twenty professions are shift work. Twenty of your twenty professions have no hiring authority. Meanwhile, the average pay of a board member is between $100k and $250k, depending on the size... and "average" is a misnomer here in that it can easily extend to the millions. For a part-time job. That you can hold several of. So. By all means, bring up "electrical power-line installers" (no roughnecks? I mean, there aren't a lot of women doing that either!) but let's not pretend there's anything approximating an equivalency here. After all, a dietician can directly affect the livelihood of - well, herself - while the thirteen board members of CBS are responsible for $21 billion in assets and 13,000 employees. "Preschool and kindergarten teachers." ORLY.
IMHO we are here for different purposes. I invite anyone who wants to learn more about the subject to examine the paper you cited in support of the claim that "doubling female participation in board membership increases profits." It says "The results find no impact of board gender quotas on firm performance" in the abstract, and has details about Norway in footnote 9 on page 7. The paper does not support the claim that increasing female participation in board membership increases profits, rather it describes some correlations, with many qualifications about the uncertainty inherent in this kind of study. As you have reminded us more than once, correlation does not imply causation.
What purpose are you here for? What purpose do you suppose I'm here for? Because I'll note you responded to my other point here, and have made no response to this one. You could even address my principle point: that female participation on boards is good for the general public. Because that "responsibility of one" vs "responsibility for 13,000" angle, which was my point made to you, is hangin' right there. Unanswered. Much like the majority of conversations you've ever had where you're directly contradicted.